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Тема: ТЕХНИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕРМОДИНАМИКА
НАУКА /3. Депозитарий научных работ
Historical Observations on Laws of Thermodynamics
К истории появления и эволюции понятий и законов термодинамики
(методическая статья)
Stanley I. Sandler and Leslie V. Woodcock
Historical Observations on Laws of Thermodynamics
Most textbooks quote four anonymous laws of thermodynamics (zeroth, first, second, and third), but it seems that every author has their own idiosyncratic statements. Why are there so many versions? Why are the laws of thermodynamics not credited with names of their discoverers? We revisit the history of the laws of thermodynamics and consider whether it would be less confusing, to both students and practitioners, if we define separate laws for reversible and irreversible thermodynamics and simply assign names to them. Central to our understanding of chemical thermodynamics are the concepts of “equilibrium” and “state functions”; these require definition before the various laws can be properly formulated. The idea of a state function is implicit in Black’s caloric theory of heat and also suggested by Priestley in phlogiston theory, but it was Gibbs who first represented thermodynamic properties as two-dimensional “surfaces” in 1878; that is, 30 years after the various principles that became the laws of thermodynamics had been discovered. It was even later that Duhem rigorously specified equilibrium states in general, and hence state functions. Here we conjecture that confusion has arisen because there should be two different sets of laws: one for equilibrium thermodynamic processes, and another set for irreversible processes. Then we can identify the laws of equilibrium thermodynamics for changes in enthalpy, energy, and entropy, which can be credited to Hess, Rankine, and Carnot, and corresponding laws of irreversible thermodynamics assigned to Joule,
Mayer, and Clausius, respectively.
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Оценка глобальных ресурсов эксергии, включая возобновляемые источники энергии. Quantifying global exergy resources. Weston A. Hermann
Exergy is used as a common currency to assess and compare the reservoirs of theoretically extractable work we call
energy resources. Resources consist of matter or energy with properties different from the predominant conditions in the
environment. These differences can be classified as physical, chemical, or nuclear exergy.
Концепция эксергии при анализе общих проблем устойчивого развития. On exergy and sustainable development. Göran Wall, Mei Gong
On exergy and sustainable development
—Part 1: Conditions and concepts
—Part 2: Indicators and methods
Göran Wall, Mei Gong
The future of life on our planet is a matter of great concern. This paper is based on a vision of sustainable development. It is divided into two parts. The first part introduces conditions and concepts that are of importance for sustainable development. Environmental conditions in terms of causes and effects of emissions, the concept of exergy as a physical measure of difference or contrast and a number of different exergy forms common in nature are presented. Emissions and pollutants are differences in the environment, thus effecting the environment. Exergy is a suitable measure of these differences. The concept of sustainability is examined with relation to exergy flows on the earth.
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